Kittim, from the ancient Greek Kition (Latin Citium), once a capital of Cyprus (see on Gen. 10:4; see also 1 Macc. 1:1). This same expression also occurs in Dan. 11:30 (see also Jer. 2:10; Eze. 27:6).

 It is generally held that Asshur and Eber together represent the great powers of the East. However, the exact meaning of Eber is uncertain, though some apply it to the Hebrews. For the application of Asshur to the Persian Empire see 1 Macc. 1:1, which refers to the conquests of Alexander the Great. Persia later conquered the territory of Assyria.