Or, “impious,” a pointed reference to a frame of mind that rules God out of thought and action (see Isa. 57:20, 21; Rom. 3:17, 18).

Or, “ungrateful,” that is, for the benefits received from both God and parents. Those who are “self-lovers” are rarely grateful to others. Modern inventions have contributed to a humanistic self-sufficiency that often obscures man’s continual need for God’s benefits.

 See on Rom. 1:30.

 Or, “haughty” (see Rom. 1:30), that is, considering others with contempt or disrespect.

 Or, “empty pretenders” (see Rom. 1:30), that is, those who trust in their own abilities while defying the resources of God and the rights of their fellow men.

 Gr. philarguroi, “money-lovers” (see on Luke 16:14; cf. on 1 Tim. 6:10).

 The antithesis of the genuine Christian spirit of unselfishness (see on 1 Cor. 13:5) and meekness (see on Matt. 5:5).

Gr. anthrōpoi, “mankind.”

Or, “slanderers,” “abusers,” that is, evil speaking that attempts to damage the reputation and worth of another, either God or man.