38. The fundamental role of the passage has been recognized by many scholars. Hans Conzelmann affirms:
“Luke 4:18 is one of the programmatic passages which describe the ministry of Jesus in the words of the Septuagint” (
The Theology of St. Luke, 1960, p. 221). Similarly Gunther Bornkamm says:
“The evangelist Luke has expressly set down the relevant word of the prophet as the governing text of all Jesus’ works” (
Jesus of Nazareth, 1940, p. 75).
39. Most scholars view Luke’s account of the Nazareth address as being a Lucan redaction of Mark 6:1-6. For examples, see I. Howard Marshall (n. 33’,, p. 179. Thus Christ’s speech would have been delivered not at the beginning but sometime later in His ministry. W. Lane,
The Gospel According to Mark, 1974, p. 201, n. 2, however, argues in favor of two different visits to Nazareth. The latter appears plausible espeially since the Sabbath healings of the demon-possessed in the synagogue of Capernaum and of Simon’s mother-in-law, which in Luke follow the Nazareth visit, are placed by Mark at the outset of Christ’s ministry (Mark 1:21-31).
40. M. M. B. Turner,
“The Sabbath, Sunday and the Law in Luke-Acts,” (n. 3), p. 147 manuscript. Cf. I. H. Marshall (n. 33), p. 181.
41. Ibid.
42. See W. Grundmann,
Das Evangelium nach Lukas, 1961, p. 120; K. H. Rengstorf,
Das Evangelium nach Lukas, 1969, p. 67.
43. On the influence of the synagogue upon the Christian divine service, see C. W. Dugmore,
The Influence of the Synagogue upon the Divine Office, 1964; A. Allan McArthur,
The Evolution of the Christian Year, 1953; Dom Benedict Steuart,
The Development of Christian Worship, 1953.
44. Luke 4:16, 31; 6:1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9; 13:10, 14, 15, 16; 14:1, 3, 5; 23:54, 56; Acts 1:12; 13:14, 27, 42, 44; 15:21; 16:13; 17:2; 18:4.
45. A number of scholars recognize in this text Luke’s concern to show that the community observed the Sabbath. Cf. I. H. Marshall (n. 33), p. 883; F. Godet,
A Commentary on the Gospel of Saint Luke, 1870, II, p. 343; A. R. Leaney,
A Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint Luke, 1966, p. 288. The same view is implied by the translators of the New International Version:
“Then they went home and prepared spices and perfumes. But they rested on the Sabbath in obedience to the commandment” (Luke 23:56).
46. See above n. 39.
47. The two crucial terms of the passage are
“to proclaim” and
“release.” Both of these terms, which recur twice, are technical terms for the Sabbath years. For an informative treatment of this question, see Robert B. Sloan (n. 25), pp. 3242. P. Miller rightly notes:
“The tie that binds Isaiah 61:1-2 and 58:6 together in Luke 4 is the small word aphesis, the word translated ‘release’ for the captives and ‘liberty’ for the oppressed∙∙∙. it is the catchword binding the two quotations together. Out of the four sentences in Isaiah 58:6 that all say essentially the same thing, the one chosen here in the gospel quotation is the one that in the Greek translation uses aphesis” (
“Luke 4:16-21,” Interpretation 29 [October, 1975]: 419).
48. H. Conzelmann (n. 38), p. 180. See also n. 38; Robert B. Sloan (n. 25), p. 49. Similarly G. B. Caird points out that Luke
“places the incident at the beginning of his story of the Galilean ministry, because it announces the pattern which the ministry is to follow” (
Saint Luke, 1963, p. 86). Robert C. Tannehill also writes:
“These words and acts (Luke 4:16-30) have typical programmatic significance for the whole of Jesus’ ministry as Luke understands it∙∙∙ Luke chose to make this quotation [Luke 4:18-19] the title under which the whole ministry of Jesus is placed. He did so because it expresses clearly certain important aspects of his own understanding of Jesus and his ministry” (
“The Mission of Jesus according to Lukc 4:16-30,” in
Jesus in Nazareth, 1972, pp. 51, 72).
49. A. Strobel argues that behind Christ’s quotation lay an actual historical jubilee year which is dated in A.D. 26-27 (
Kerygma und Apokalyptik, 1967, p. 105-111). If this were the case, then Christ’s speech would have added significance since it would have been delivered in the context of an actual jubilee year.
50. P. K. Jewett,
The Lord’s Day, 1072, p. 27. W. Rordorf similarly comments:
“By means of this quotation from the prophet, Luke’s Gospel does therefore describe the effect of Jesus’ coming as the inauguration of the sabbath year” (
Sunday, 1968, p. 110). Cf. W. J. Harrington,
A Commentary, The Gospel according to St. Luke, 1967, p. 134.
51. R. J. Banks maintains that
“the theme of his Gospel, that is announced at Nazareth in Luke 4: 16f. and is reiterated during the Resurrection appearances in 24 :44ff.,∙∙∙ fashions the material related to the Law. In these passages the saving ministry of Jesus is presented as the ‘fulfilment’ of all that was promised to Israel and this is the thrust of the legal material in Luke as well” (
Jesus and the Law in the Synoptic Tradition, 1975, p. 248).
52. Roger T. Beckwith correctly points out that
“if Jesus regarded the sabbath as purely ceremonial and purely temporary, it is remarkable that in all he teaches about it he never mentions its temporary character. This is even more remarkable when one remembers that he emphasizes the temporary character of other parts of the Old Testament ceremonial—the laws of purity in Mark 7:14-23 and Luke 11:39-41, and the temple (with its sacrifices) in Mark 13:2 and John 4:21. By contrast, as we have already seen, he seems in Mark 2:27 to speak of the sabbath as one of the unchanging ordinances for all mankind” (
This is the Day, 1978, p. 26).
53. M. M. B. Turner (n. 40), p. 147-148 manuscript.
54. Ibid., p. 148.
55. I. H. Marshall (n. 33), p. 185. P. K. Jewett also remarks,
“Jesus commented on this Scripture, which speaks of the age of the Messiah in the language of the Sabbatical Year, telling the people that on that day the prophet’s words were fulfilled in their ears (Luke 4:17-21)” (n. 49, p. 27, emphasis supplied).
56. P. Miller, see quotation in n. 47.
57. D. A. Carson,
“Jesus and the Sabbath in the Four Gospels,” (n. 3), p. 74.
58. Matt. 12:1-8, 9-14; 24:20; Mark 1:21-28; 2:23-28; 3:1-6; Luke 4:16-30, 31-37, 38-39; 6:1-5, 6-11; 13:10-17; 14:1-6; John 5:2-18; 7:21-24; 9:1-41.
59. In
From Sabbath to Sunday, 1977, p. 35, I wrote:
“This work of clarifying the intent behind the commandments was a dire necessity, since with the accumulation of traditions in many cases their original function had been obscured. As Christ put it, ‘You have a fine way of rejecting the commandment of God in order to keep your tradition I’(Mark 7:9). The fifth commandment, for instance, which enjoins to ‘honor your father and your mother,’ according to Christ, had been made void through the tradition of the Corban (Mark 7:12-13). This apparently consisted of translating a service or obligation to be rendered to one’s parents, into a gift to be given to the temple. The Sabbath commandment was no exception and, unless liberated from many senseless casuistic restrictions, would have remained a system for self-righteousness rather than a time for loving the Creator-Redeemer and one’s fellow beings.” 60. Harald Riesenfeld,
The Gospel Tradition, 1970, p. 118.
61. G. B. Caird,
Saint Luke, 1963, p. 171. Cf. also W. Grundmann,
Das Evangelium nach Lukas, 1961, pp. 278-281.
62. P. K. Jewett (n. 50), p. 42.
63. C. F. Evans,
“Sabbath,” A Theological Word Book of the Bible, 1959, p. 205.
64. This view is expressed, for example, by M. M. B. Turner who writes:
“There is no question here of the Sabbath being particularly appropriate for such healing, any more than it is particularly appropriate on that day to loose oxen and donkey from their crib and to water them. The argument, in other words, is not that the Sabbath is a special day, in this respect, but precisely that it is not. The inbreaking kingdom, the loosing of Satan’s captives, is no respecter of days” (n. 40, p. 107). The same view is held by D. A. Carson (n. 58), p. 72. Carson’s argument that Jesus healed the woman not because it was appropriate to the Sabbath, but because of
“His concern to be getting on with His mission” creates an unjustifiable tension between Christ’s mission and the meaning of the Sabbath. Luke gives no hint that Christ is impatient to get on with His ministry in spite of the Sabbath but rather that He acted intentionally (
“ought not”—v. 16) because it was Sabbath. Note that Christ postponed
“mass” healings until after the Sabbath (Luke 4:40-41; Mark 1:32). He healed some specific chronic individuals to challenge prevailing misconceptions and thus to clarify the meaning of the Sabbath and of His mission.
65. Nathan A. Barack correctly affirms:
“The Sabbath inspires its beneficiaries to feel that the universe is the work of a purposeful Creator, that human life has meaning and sanctity, that all life must be preserved, and that even animals must be provided with their necessary rest” (
A History of the Sabbath, 1965, p. XII).
66. Robert Banks (n. 51), p. 131 comments in this regard:
“Luke desires to highlight those works of Jesus which bring salvation and healing to men, which as v. 16 makes clear, especially occur on that day.” Similarly I. H. Marshall (n. 33), p. 559, writes: Hence it was necessary for her to be released immediately, even though it was Sabbath, perhaps indeed all the more fitting on the Sabbath, Cf. also above ns. 61, 62, 63.
67. Samuele Bacchiocchi,
“John 5 :17: Negation or Clarification of the Sabbath?,” in
The Sabbath in the New Testament (1995), pp.280-296. See also my treatment in
From Sabbath to Sunday, 1967, pp. 38-48.
68. See, for example, George Allen Turner, Julius R. Mantey, 0. Cullmann, E. C. Hoskyns, and F. Godet
in loco.
69. Emphasis supplied.
70. A. T. Lincoln,
“Sabbath, Rest and Eschatology in the New Testament,” (n. 3), p. 204.
71. A. Corell emphasizes the connection between the nature of the divine works and the meaning of the Sabbath, saying:
“Indeed, it was by an appeal to the nature of his works that Jesus refuted the Jews when they accused him of breaking the Sabbath—‘My Father worketh even until now and I work’(v. 17). Thus he pointed out that, while the Law of Moses forbade that men should do their own work on the Sabbath, it could in no wise forbid or prevent the accomplishment of God’s work on that day. He, himself, had come to do the works of God∙∙∙ which, being of eschatological significance, belonged to the Sabbath in a very special way∙∙∙ Indeed, his very doing of these things was a sure sign that the real Sabbath of fulfilment had come” (
Consummatum Est, 1957, p. 63). Cf. John Murray,
Principles of Conduct, 1957, p. 33.
72. D. A. Carson fails to recognize the redemptive function of the Sabbath brought out by Christ in this (John 7:23) and similar statements (Matt. 12:5-6; Luke 13:16), and consequently, he disclaims any link between the Sabbath and Jesus’ redemptive mission (n. 57, p. 82). He further concludes that
“John, by taking the discussion into Christological and eschatological realms, does not deal explicitly with the question of whether or not Christians are to observe the weekly Sabbath” (ibid.). Such a conclusion fails to note that the discussion of
“Christological and eschatological realms” takes place not without but within the intended meaning of the Sabbath. Moreover, is not Jesus’ example of Sabbathkeeping paradigmatic for Christians? 0. Cullmann ably shows that
“John reveals a tendency in accounts of all events of Christ’s life to trace the line from the Jesus of history to the Christ of the community and his chief interest is in connection with early Christian worship” (
Early Christian Worship, 1966, p. 91; cf. p. 59). This suggests that the sabbatical sayings of 5 :17 and 9:4 were reported by John to justify the understanding and practice of the Sabbath rest of the community: a day to experience God’s redemptive working by ministering to the needs of others. This conclusion is indirectly supported by a number of recent studies which argue convincingly for a Palestinian provenance of John’s Gospel. The numerous linguistic and conceptual similarities which have been established between John’s interpretation of Christ and the Old Testament portrayal of Moses are taken as evidence of John’s effort to present Christ to Palestinian Jewish communities, in terms of their expectations of the Messiah as a
“Prophet-like-Moses.” (A valuable survey of studies is provided by F. Lamar Cribbs, in
“The ‘Prophet-like-Moses’ Import of the Johannine ‘Ego Eimi’ Sayings,” a paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21, 1978). If John utilizes the accepted figure and authority of Moses to prove Christ’s true Messiahship to Palestinian Jews, then he could hardly have intended to negate Mosaic instructions regarding the Sabbath when he reported what Jesus said and did on such a day. This is further borne out by the fact that to justify the Sabbath works and words of Christ, appeal is made in John 5 specifically to the authority of the
“Scriptures” (v. 39) and of Moses himself:
“It is Moses who accuses you,∙∙∙ If you believed Moses, you would believe me, for he wrote of me” (vv. 45-46). For a treatment on the Palestinian Christians’ attachment to Sabbathkeeping, see my study
From Sabbath to Sunday, pp. 132-164.
73. Ellen White expresses this view, saying:
“Upon one Sabbath day, as the Savior and His disciples returned from the place of worship, they passed through a field of ripening grain” (The
Desire of Ages, 1940, p. 284). D. A. Carson interprets the episode as
“a leisurely Sabbath afternoon stroll” (n. 57, p. 67). This interpretation reflects contemporary customs but hardly harmonizes with the travel restrictions (Sabbath day’s journey of 2/3 of a mile) existing at that time.
74. This argument is well stated by Ellen White:
“If it was right for David to satisfy his hunger by eating of the bread that had been set apart to a holy use then it was right for the disciples to supply their need by plucking the grain upon the sacred hours of the Sabbath” (n. 73, p. 285).
75. M. M. B. Turner (n. 40), p. 150. Cf. Robert Banks (n. 51), pp. 115-116; M. D. Hooker,
The Son of Man in Mark, 1967, p. 97, similarly argues on the basis of the
“special position” enjoyed by David and Christ.
76. See Willy Rordorf (n. 8), p. 61. My response to Rordorf’s argument is given in
From Sabbath to Sunday, pp. 50-61.
77. Note that later the Church of Rome did turn the Sabbath from a day of feasting into a day of fasting in order to put an end to its festive and religious significance. The question is treated at length in my study (n. 76), pp. 185-198.
78. D. A. Carson (n. 57), pp. 66-67.
79. Willy Rordorf frankly admits:
“Subsequent reflection leads us to notice that all the scriptural passages which the Church adduced in order to justify Jesus’ infringements of the sabbath refer to priestly functions which have precedence over the sabbath. In the story of David eating the shewbread (in I Sam 21:1-7) it is, in fact, the priest who, above all, does something forbidden when, in answer to David’s request, he gives him the shewbread to eat” (n. 8, p. 114).
80. Rousas John Rushdoony observes that
“forgiveness is a basic aspect of the sabbath.” He argues that the petition of the Lord’s Prayer
“forgive our debts” derives from the cancellation of debts of the Sabbath years (n. 30, pp. 140-141). Several scholars share the same view. See, for example, Robert B. Sloan (n. 26), pp. 139-140; Ernst Lohmeyer,
Das Vater-unser, 1946, p. 112 f.; F. Charles Fensham,
“The Legal Background of Mt. VI: 12,” Novum Testamentum 4 (1960): 1-2.
81. Ellen White (n. 73), p. 285.
82. See, for example, D. M. Cohn-Sherbok,
“An Analysis of Jesus’ Arguments Concerning the Plucking of Grain on the Sabbath,” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 2 (1979): 31-41 Cf. D. A. Carson (n. 56), p. 126 manuscript.
83. Robert Banks (n. 51), p. 117. Cf. Morna D. Hooker,
The Son of Man in Mark, 1967, p. 98; P. K. Jewett (n. 49), p. 37; Niels-Erik Andreasen (n. 20), p. 99.
84. D. A. Carson (n. 57), p. 67.
85. Ibid., p. 66. Cf. W. Rordorf (n. 8), pp. 70, 296.
86. David Hill stresses this function of Christ’s question reported in Matthew 12:5:
“The verse provides a precedent for the action of the disciples within the Law itself, and therefore places Jesus securely within the Law” (
The Gospel of Matthew, 1972, p. 211).
87. This view is emphatically stated by Etan Levine:
“The Pharisees are not being told that the Sabbath injunctions should be abrogated; rather, within their own realm of discourse they are being reminded that plucking grain on the Sabbath is legitimate for sacred purposes. Thus, Jesus does not abrogate the Torah, but exercises his prerogative to interpret it, in this case defining the ‘sacred’ in term other than the Temple ritual, as the text explicitly states” (
“The Sabbath Controversy According to Matthew,” New Testament Studies 22 [1976]: 482). Similarly William L. Lane writes:
“The divine intention was in no way infringed by the plucking of heads of grain on the part of Jesus’ disciples” (
The Gospel according to Mark, 1974, p. 120).
88. The connection is recognized by W. Rordorf (n. 8), p. 109; J. Danielou,
Bible and Liturgy, 1956, p. 226; David Hill (n. 85), pp. 209-210.
89. D. A. Carson (n. 57), p. 59.
90. J. C. Fenton links Christ’s rest with the Sabbath rest of the expected Messianic age:
“By those who labour and are heavy-laden is probably meant those who find the Law, as it was expounded by the Scribes and Pharisees, too difficult to keep. I will give you rest: The weekly Sabbath rest was thought of as an anticipation of the final rest of the messianic age” (
The Gospel of Matthew, 1963, p. 187).
91. M. Maher provides examples and a helpful treatment in
“Take My Yoke Upon You—Matt. 11:29,” New Testament Studies 22 (1976): 97-103.
92.
Pirke Aboth 3:5; cf. 6:2;
Sirach 51:26.
93. Cf. Galatians 5:1:
“yoke of slavery.” Later Christians used the term
“yoke” to refer to Christ’s new Law, grace or word. See, for example,
Epistles of Barnabas 2, 6;
I Clement 16, 17; Justin Martyr’s,
Dialogue with Trypho 53, 1.
94. M. Maher (n. 90), p. 99.
95. Jacob Jervell convincingly shows that Luke’s references to the mass conversions which are distributed
“carefully throughout his account” are intended to show that the Christian mission to the Jews was successful (
Luke and the People of God. A New Look at Luke-Acts, 1972, pp. 41-69).
96. Hans Walter Wolff notes the connection between the divine rest of creation and of redemption. Commenting on God’s creation rest, Wolff writes:
“We are able to comprehend this fully only in the light of Jesus Christ’s exhaustion in His work of redemption, as it is expressed in His cry: ‘It is finished.’ In offering up Himself, God gave us everything” (n. 21, p. 501).
97. D. A. Carson keenly notes that
“Matthew does not introduce any Sabbath controversy until almost half way through his Gospel; but when he suddenly inserts two Sabbath pericopae (Matt. 12:1-14), he places them immediately after Jesus’ invitation to the burdened and weary to find rest in his easy yoke. As if such a justaposition were not enough, Matthew then carefully points out that the Sabbath conflicts occurred ‘at that time’—presumably at or near the time when Jesus had spoken of his rest. This is as much as to say that the rest he offers infinitely surpasses the rest which the Pharisees wanted the people to observe” (n. 57, p. 74).
98. A. T. Lincoln rightly explains,
“The linking of katapausis [rest] in LXX Ps. 94:11 with the divine rest at creation is facilitated by the fact that the cognate verb is used in the LXX of Gen. 2:2 (and God rested— katepausen ∙∙∙) and that katapausis itself is used of Sabbath rest in Ex. 35:2; II Macc. 15:1” (n. 70, p. 209).
99. Among the commentators who view the fulfilment of the Sabbath rest to be exclusively future are: E. Knsemann, 0. Michel, H. Windisch, W. Manson, F. F. Bruce, F. Delitzsch, R. C. H. Lenski,
in loco; cf. also G. von Rad (n. 9), pp. l01f.
100. See, A. T. Lincoln (n. 70), p. 212.
101. The question of whether the recipients of Hebrews were Gentile or Jewish Christians is still debated. For a discussion of this problem see W. G. Kummel,
Introduction to the New Testament, 1975, pp. 398-401.
102. H. C. Kee, F. W. Young and K. Froehlich note:
“The entire doctrinal part of the Letter (chapter 1:1-10:18) could be seen as arguing against Christian tendencies to make the Jewish sacrificial cult respectable again as a tool to gain access to God in the wake of the new interest in cult liturgy, sacrament, and effective forms of worship” (
Understanding the New Testament, 1973, p. 300). Similarly Bruce M. Metzger remarks:
“Many of them felt themselves drawn to Jewish liturgy, and were on the point of renouncing Christianity and returning to their ancestral Jewish faith” (
The New Testament. Its Background, Growth, and Content, 1965, p. 249).
103. George Wesley Buchanan,
To the Hebrews, 1972, pp. 72-75.
104. The pre-eminent study is by E. Kasemann,
Das wandernde Gottesyolk, 1938. For a recent treatment of this question, see W. G. Johnsson,
“The Pilgrimage Motif in the Book of Hebrews.” Journal of Biblical Literature 97 (1978): 239-251. In my view, A. T. Lincoln offers a valid criticism of the application of the pilgrimage motif to the
“rest” of Hebrews. He writes:
“The model of the church as a company of wanderers on a journey to a distant heavenly resting place, reflected in the title of Kasemann’s study of Hebrews, Das wandernde Gottesyolk, when it has been applied to this passage, has misled too many commentr irs into supposing the rest is entirely future. Whatever truth there may be to this model, it does not reflect accurately the situation of the people of God depicted in our passage. As 3:16-19 make clear, the setting which the writer has in mind for Israel in the wilderness is that recorded in Num. 14 and the Numbers passage influences his interpretation throughout. In Num. 14 the wilderness generation are not in the midst of their wandering but stand right on the verge of entry into the promised land, having arrived at the goal of their pilgrimage. It is this which provides the comparison with the NT people of God. Both groups stand directly before the fulfilment of God’s promise” (n. 70, p. 211).
105. S. Kistemaker emphasizes the significance of the use of the present tense, saying:
“The author does not employ the future tense, nor does he say, ‘we are sure to enter.’ By placing eiserkometha [‘we enter’] emphatically first in the sentence, he wishes to affirm that God’s promise has become reality in accordance with His plan and purpose” (
The Psalm Citations in the Epistle to the Hebrews, 1961, p. 109). Hugh Montefiore offers a similar comment:
“The Greek text means neither that they are certain to enter, nor that they will enter, but that they are already in the process of entering” (
The Epistle to the Hebrews, 1964, p. 83). Cf. C. K. Barret (n. 5), p. 372. This interpretation clarifies, as noted by W. Rordorf,
“the decisive significance of ‘Today.’ The new day of the ‘Today’ has dawned in Christ (v. 7). On this new day it is possible to enter into the rest, and yet more: on this new day this rest has become a reality for those who believe” (n. 8, p. 112). Note the similarity with the
“today” of Luke 4:19 and John 9:4.
106. A. T. Lincoln (n. 70), pp. 209-212.
107. Harald Riesenfeld expresses this view. Speaking of the Sabbath, he writes:
“Jesus made it appear that that same law had completed its function and belonged to the past—to be succeeded by a higher and better reality” (
The Gospel Tradition, 1970, p. 121).
108. This argument is developed especially by A. T. Lincoln (n. 70), pp. 333-334 manuscript.
109. Translation by E. J. Goodspeed,
The Apostolic Fathers, 1950, pp. 4041.
110. Justin Martyr,
Dialogue with Trypho 80, 81; Tertullian,
Against Marcion 3, 24; Hippolytus,
Commentary on Daniel IV, 23, 4-6; Cyprian,
Ad Fortunatum 2; Augustine,
Sermons 259, 2 and
City of God 20, 7, 1; Victorinus,
On the Creation of the World 6; Lactantius,
Divine Ins titutions 7.
111. V Ezra 2 :24, 34; Origen,
Against Celsus 6, 61; also
Sermon on Numbers 23, 4; Eusebius,
Commentary on Psalms 91; Jerome,
Commentary on Ezekiel VI (on 20:10); Chrysostom,
Sermons on Hebrews 6, 1 (on ch. 4); Augustine,
Epistle 55;
City of God 22, 30;
Sermons 9. 3; Bede,
Commentary on Genesis 2:3 (
CCL 118A, 35); Rabanus Maurus,
Commentary on Genesis 1:9 (
PL 107, 465); Peter Lombard,
Sentences 3, 37, 2 (
PL 192, 831); a similar eschatological interpretation is found in Otto of Lucca,
Sentences 4, 3 (PL 176, 122); Martin of Leon,
Sermons 15 (
PL 208, 782). Cf. John Calvin,
Commentary on Hebrews 4:10 and
Institutes of Christian Religion 2, 8, 30. P. K. Jewett (n. 50, p. 83:
“The fulfilment of the Sabbath rest which we have in Christ is not only a present reality, but also a future hope∙∙∙ The principle of the Sabbath, then, is both an Old Testament ceremonialism which has been fulfilled and done away in Christ and at the same time a permanent interpretive category of redemptive history, having definite eschatological implications”; cf. Harald Riesenfeld (n. 60), p. 133; 0. Cullmann,
“Sabbat und Sonntag nach dem Johannes-Evangelium,” In Memoriam Ernst Lohmeyer, 1951, pp. 127-131; especially J. Danielou,
“La typologie millenariste de la semain dans le christianisme primitif,” Vigiliae Christianae 2 (1948):1-16; recently, R. T. Beckwith (n. 52), p. 12.
112. For examples and discussion of the spiritual interpretation of the Sabbath Commandment, see W. Rordorf (n. 8), pp. 100-108; Franz X. Pettirsch also notes:
“The early fathers of the Church applied the law of Sabbath rest only allegorically to abstention from sin; a literal application to work was foreign to their thinking” (
“A Theology of Sunday Rest,” Theology Digest 6 [1958]: 116). The author explains how during the Middle Ages the formula
“servile work” was interpreted in a literal sense as meaning
“field work, any heavy work” (p. 117). The spiritual interpretation of the Sabbath rest as
“self-renunciation” is advocated also by John Calvin, in
Commentaries on the Four Last Books of Moses, C.W. Bingham, trans. 1950, p. 436.
113. A. T. Lincoln, for example, argues that
“the new covenant people of God discharge their duty of Sabbath observance, according to this writer [Hebrews], by exercising faith. Thereby they participate in God’s gift of eschatological salvation and cease from their own works which now have not a physical reference but as elsewhere in the NT a salvation connotation, that which this writer in 6:1 (‘repentance from dead works’) and 9:14 (‘from dead works’) calls dead works” (n. 70, p. 213).
114. John Calvin,
Institutes of Christian Religion, 1972, II, p. 339.
115. By resting on the Sabbath after the similitude of God (Heb. 4:10), the believer, as Karl Barth puts it,
“participates consciously in the salvation provided by him [God]” (
Church Dogmatics, ET 1958, III, part 2, p. 50).
116. F. F. Bruce acknowledges that the redemptive meaning of the Sabbath rest found in Hebrews 4
“is implied by our Lord’s words in John 5:17” (
The Epistle to the Hebrews, 1974, p. 74).
117. Augustine, City of God XXII, 30.
(151.4)