1. 롬 14:21; 엡 5:18; 딤전 3:8; 5:23; 딛 2:3 : 계 6:6; 14:8; 14:10; 16:19; 17:2; 18:3, 13; 19:15.
 2. 이 점을 논한 것에 관해서는 Stephen M. Reynolds, Alcohol and the Bible (Little Rock, Arkansas, 1983), p. 52를 보라.
 3. 한 예로서 E. Robinson과 Dean Alford가 편찬한 희랍 어 사전에서 s. v. “Gleukos” 보라.
 4. Philo, On Drunkenness 36.
 5. Pliny, Natural History 14, 11, 83.
 6. 그 예로서 Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, 1968 edition, s. v. “Gleukos;” James H. Moulton and George Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Greek New Testament, s. v. “Gleukos;” Joseph Henry Thayer, Greek — English Lexicon of the New Testament, s. v. “Gleukos;” 또 R. H. Lenski와 Albert Barnes의 주석 사도행전 2:13을 보라. 이 외의 저술가들에 관하여서는 William Patton, Bible Wines. Laws of Fermentatation (Oklahoma City, n. d), pp. 93~95를 보라.
 7. Horace Bumstead, “The Biblical Sanction of Wine,” Bibliotheca Sacra 38(January 1881) : 81.
 8. Ibid., p. 62.
 9. Ernest Gordon, Christ, the Apostles, and Wine. An Exegetical Study (Philadelphia, 1947), p. 20.
 10. Horace Bumstead (n. 7), p. 81.
 11. Eusebius, Church History 2, 23, 4, eds. Philip Schaff and Henry Wace, Nicene and Post — Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church (Grand Rapids, 1971), vol. 1, p. 125.
 12. Eusebius, Church History 2, 23, 4 (n. 11), p. 125에 인용함.
 13. 이 점에 관하여서는 G. W. Samson, The Divine as to Wines (New York, 1880), pp. 197~210을 보라. 그렇지만, 아쉽게도 저자는 정확한 참고 문헌을 표기하지 않아 연구의 가치가 저하된다.
 14. Ernest Gordon (n. 9), p. 20.
 15. Charles Wesley Ewing, The Bible and its Wines (Denver, 1985), p.107에서 인용함.
 16. Kenneth L. Gentry, The Christian, and Alcoholic Beverages (Grand Rapids, 1986), p. 56.
 17. Leon C. Field, Oinos; A Discussion of the Bible Wine Question. (New York, 1883), p. 60.
 18. Ibid., p. 60, note 1.
 19. G. W. Samson (n. 13), p. 201.
 20. Adam Clarke, The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ (New York, 1938), vol. 2, p. 254.
 21. Markus Barth, Ephesians. Translation and Commentary on Chapters 4~6 (New York, 1974), p. 581.
 22. Kenneth L. Gentry (n. 16), p. 47.
 23. Horace Bumstead (n. 7), p. 88.
 24. Leon C. Field (n. 17), p. 118.
 25. R. C. H. Lenski, The Interpretation of St. Paul’s Epistles to the Galatians, to the Ephesians and to the Philippians (Columbus, Ohio, 1950), p. 618. 강조체는 필자가 친 것임. S.D.F. 샐몬드(Salmond)도 동일한 맥락으로 다음과 같이 말한다. “엔 호(en ho)는 오이노스만을 언급하는 것이 아니라...메투스케스테 오이노(methuskesthe oino)라는 전 문구一포도주에 취하다—를 언급하는 것이다.” The Expositors Greek Testament (Grand Rapids, 1956), vol. 3, p. 362.
 26. Robert Young, trans., The Holy Bible Consisting of the Old and New Covenants (Edinburgh, 1911).
 27. The Interpreter’s Bible (New York, 1970), vol. 11, p. 714.
 28. Tertullian, On Modesty 17.
 29. Tertullian, Against Marcion 5, 18, eds. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, The Ante—Nicene Fathers (Grand Rapids, 1973), vol. 3, p. 468.
 30. Jerome, Letter 107 to Laeta, eds. Philip Schaff and Henry Wace, Nicene and Post—Nice Fathers of the Christian Church (Grand Rapids, 1979), vol. 6, p. 193.
 31. Jerome, Letter 108 to Eustochium (n. 31), p. 200.
 32. Die Bibel in heutigem Deutsch. Die Gute Nachricht des Alten und Neuen Testaments (Stuttgart, 1982).
 33. Albert Barnes, Notes on the New Testament. Ephesians, Philippians and Colossians (Grand Rapids, 1955), p. 104.
 34. Leon C. Field (n. 17), p. 119.
 35. Albert Barnes (n. 34), p. 104, 105.
 36. H. L. Strack and P. Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrash (Munchen, .1926), p. 609.
 37. Ibid.
 38. 랍비 이시도르 코플로비츠 (Isidore Koplowitz) 가 편찬한 Midrash Yay in Veshechor Talmudic and Midrashic Exegetics on Wine and Strong Drink (Detroit, 1923), p. 39에서 인용함.
 39. Ibid., p. 53.
 40. Ibid., p. 61.
 41. Ibid., p. 45.
 42. Leon C. Field (n. 17), p. 119.
 43. 딤전 2:9, 15; 3:2; 딛 1:8; 2:2, 4, 5, 6, 12; 행 26:25; 막 5:15; 눅 8:35; 고후 5:13; 벧전 4:7; 롬 12:3.
 44. Ulrich Luck, “Sophron,” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. Gerhard Friedrich (Grand Rapids, 1971), vol. 7, 1097.
 45. Wiliam F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich, A Greek—English Lexicon, of the New Testament, s. v. “Sophroneo.”
 46. James Donnegan, A New Greek And English Lexicon, 1847 edition, s. v. “Sophron.”
 47. Thomas S. Green, A Greek and English Lexicon to the New Testament, 1892 edition, s. v. “Sophron.”
 48. Aristotle, Rethoric 1, 9.
 49. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 2, 9.
 50. Ibid., 2, 3, 1.
 51. The Testaments of the Tlvelve Patriarchs, The Testament of Judah 16, 3, ed., R. H. Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament (Oxford, 1913), p. 320.
 52. Ulrich Luck (n. 45), p. 1101 를 보라.
 53. Philo, On Drunkenness 95, trans. F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitetaker, The Loeb Classical Library (New York, 1930), p. 367.
 54. Clement of Alexandria, The Instructor 2, 2 eds. Alexander Roerts and James Donaldson, The Ante—Nicene Fathers (Grand Rapids, 1979), vol. 2, p. 243.
 55. Ulrich Luck (n. 45), p. 1103.
 56. Frederic Richard Lees and Dawson Burns, The Temperance Bible Commentary (London, 1894), p. 367.
 57. O. Bauernfeind, “Nepho, Nephalios, Eknepho, ” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. Gerhard Kittel (Grand Rapids, 1967), vol. 4, p. 936.
 58. Philo, De Plantatione 172, trans. F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitaker, The Loeb Classical Library (New York, 1930), p. 303.
 59. G. W. Lampe, A Patristic Greek Lexicon (Oxford, 1961), s. v. “Nepho.”
 60. Origen Against Celsos 3, 76, eds. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, The Ante—Nicene Fathers (Grand Rapids, 1972), vol. 4, p. 494.
 61. James Donnegan (n. 47), s. v. “Nepho.”
 62. Thomas S. Green (n. 48), s. v. “Nepho.”
 63. E. Robinson, A Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testament (New York, 1850), s. v. “Nepho.”
 64. G. Abbott—Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament, 1937 edition, s. v. “Nepho.”
 65. G. W. Lampe (n. 60), s. v. “Nephalios.”
 66. Clement of Alexandria, The Instructor 2, 2(n. 55), p. 242.
 67. Hesechius of Alexandria, Hesychii Alexandria Lexicon, 1858 edition, s. v. “Nephaleos.”
 68. Stephanus, as cited by Leon C. Field (n. 17), p. 122.
 69. Demetrios C. S. Byzantios, Lexicon Epitomou tes Ellenikes Glosses, 1939 edition, s. v. “Nephalios.”
 70. O. Baumfeind (n. 58), p. 939.
 71. 이 점에 관하여 방대하게 자료를 수집한 Lees and Burns (n. 57), pp. 362 참조하라.
 72. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 3, 12, 2 trans. Wiliam Whiston, Josephus Complete Works (Grand Rapids, 1974), p. 81.
 73. Josephus, Wars of the Jews 5, 5, 7 (n. 73), p. 556.
 74. Philo, De Specialibus Legibus 4, 183.
 75. Philo, On Drunkenness 123, trans. F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitaker, The Loeb Classical Library (New York, 1930), p. 383.
 76. James H. Moulton and George Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament, 1952 edition, s. v. “Nephalios.”
 77. 이에 관하여 Lees and Burns (n. 57), p. 364, 365에 논하였다.
 78. Prophyry, De Abstinentia 1, 27.
 79. Ernest Gordon (n. 9), p. 31.
 80. 네프사테 (“마시지 말라”를 뜻하는 ne piein에서 옴)와 카타피에인(“삼키다”를 뜻하는 kata piein에서 옴) 간의 대조성을 아담 클라크도 인정하고 있다. 참조 cf. Adam clarke (n. 20), vol. 2, p. 869.
 81. Ibid., p. 595.
 82. Albert Barnes, Notes, Explanatory and Practical on the Epistles of Paul to the Thessalonians, to Timothy, to Titus and to Philemon (New York, 1873), p. 139.
 83. Jerome, Against Jovinianus 1, 35, eds. Philip Schaff and Henry Wace, Nicene and Post — Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church (Grand Rapids, 1979), vol. 6, p. 372.
 84. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, A Greek — English Lexicon, 1968 edition, s. v. “paroinos.”
 85. Lees and Burns (n. 57), p. 367.
 86. Constitutions of the Holy Apostles 54, eds. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, The Ante — Nicene Fathers (Grand Rapids, 1970), vol. 7, p. 503.
 87. Albert Barnes (n. 83), p. 140.
 88. Lexicon Graeci Testamenti Alphabeticum, 1660 edition, s. v. “Paroinos.”
 89. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, A Greek — English Lexicon, 1968 edition, s. v. “Paroinios.”
 90. G. Giannakopoulou and E, Siapenou, Ariston Ellenoaggaikon Lexicon, 1971 edition, s. v. “Paroinos.”
 91. Walter Grundman, “Enkrateia,” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. Gerhard Kittel (Grand Rapids, 1974), vol. 2, pp. 339~342.
 92. Chancellor H. Crosby와 Horace Bumstead의 말로 Leon C. Field (n. 17), pp. 124~126에 인용되어 있다.
 93. Ibid., pp. 125~129.
 94. Walter Grundmann (n. 94), pp. 339~342.
 95. Sir Thomas Elyot, Governor 3, 19, Leon C. Field (n. 17), p. 125에서 인용하였음.
 96. Thomas Hobbes, De Corpore Politico, Leon C. Field (n. 17), p. 125에서 인용하였음.
 97. Aristotle, Nicomachean, Ethics 7, 1, 6, trans. H. Rackham, The Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, Masschusetts, 1939), p. 379.
 98. Ecclesiasticus 18:30.
 99. Josephus, Wars of the Jews 2, 8, 2, trans. William Whiston (n. 73), p. 476.
 100. 엥크라데이아파(Encratites)에 관하여 말하는 초기 그리스도교 저술가들은 이레네우스(Irenaeus), Agsinst Hereses 1, 28; 알렉 산드리아의 클레멘트(Clement of Alexandria), Stromateis 7, 17:히풀리투스(Hippolytus), Philosophumena 8, 20; 에피파니우스 (Epiphanius), Against Heresies 46, 47 이다.
 102. Horace, De Arte Poetica, verse 412, Adam Clarke (n. 20), p. 240에서 인용됨.
 103. Walter Grundmann (n. 94), p. 342.
 104. F. W. Grosheide, Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians, The New International commentary of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, 1983), p. 214, 얼빙 우드 레이몬드(Irving Wood Raymond)도 “절제는 바울의 사상에서 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 그는 절제를 술취함에 정반대인 것으로 여기고 빈번하게 미덕을 운동경기 혹은 군사 용어로 묘사하곤 한다”고 말한다(The Teaching of the Early Church on the Use of Wine and Strong Drink [New York, 1927], p. 87). (222.1)