1. A major study of the OT covenant has been done by D. J. McCarthy,
Treaty and Covenant, Analecta Biblica, 1963, 2nd edition 1972. See also his survey,
Old Testament Covenant: A Survey of Current Opinions, Oxford, 1972. Cf. G. E. Mendenhall,
Law and Covenant in Israel and the Ancient Near East, 1955. Also his article in
The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, 1962, s.v.
“Covenant”; K. Baltzer,
The Covenant Formulary in Old Testament, Jewish, and Early Christian Writings, trans. by D. E. Green. Oxford, 1971.
2. J. J. Stamm and M. E. Andrew,
The Ten Commandments in Recent Research, 1967, p. 70. A little further the two authors remark,
“Neither grace nor the demand made on us can be regarded as more important or more primary than the other. In fact, this very statement is misleading in as far as it gives the impression that they are necessarily two different things. They always belong together. God’s grace can only be given to us in the demand made upon us, and in receiving the gift, we are freed from the slavery of that performance in our own strength which can only lead to proud and self-satisfied legalism” (p. 72).
3. For example, the sacrifice of divided animals (Gen. 15:7-16); the passover lamb and blood (Ex. 12:12-14); the tabernacle (Ex. 25:8).
4. The language in these references is clearly that of the covenant. Note, for example, the expression
“between me and you” (Ex. 31:13, 16; Ezek. 20:12, 20). Ernst Jenni explains that the Sabbath is wholly a covenant institution (
Die theologi’sche Begründung des Sabbatgebotes in Alten Tfestament, 1956, pp. 13-15).
5. Quoted in Karl Barth,
Church Dogmatics, ET, 1956, III, part 2, p. 51, emphasis supplied.
6. Ibid., III, part 1, p. 98. Karl Barth emphasizes that
“It is the covenant of the grace of God which in this event, at the supreme and final point of the first creation story, is revealed as the starting-point for all that follows. Everything that precedes is the road to this supreme point” (p. 98).
7. Ibid., III, part 1, pp. 216, 217.
8. Emperor Hadrian’s prohibition of Sabbathkeeping is discussed in Samuele Bacchiocchi,
From Sabbath to Sunday, 1977, pp. 159-161.
9. W. E. H. Lecky notes that
“of all the failures of the French Revolution, none was more complete than the substitution of a tenth for a seventh day of rest, which they established and tried to enforce by law. The innovation passed away without protest or regret” (
Democracy and Liberty, 1930, II, p. 109). Cf. Charles Huestis,
Sunday in the Making, 1929, p. 134.
10. Dennis J. McCarthy,
Old Testament Covenant, 1972, p. 88.
11. Quoted by Augusto Segre, in
“Ii Sabato nella storia Ebraica,” in the symposium
L’uomo nella Bibbia e nelle culture ad essa contemporanee, 1975, p. 116. Herbert W. Richardson expresses a similar view, saying:
“I believe that the power of Judaism to survive in the face of constant enmity and disadvantage arises from its firm sense of being a ‘holy people,’ i.e., from its recurring celebration of the Sabbath sacrament” (
Toward an American Theology, 1967, p. 132).
12. Quoted by R. H. Martin,
The Day: A Manual on the Christian Sabbath, 1933, p. 184. Cf.
Sunday 65 (1978): 22.
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