There is no chapter division in Paul’s thought. He is continuing the theme begun in ch. 1, particularly in v. 27, where he appeals to his converts’ sense of Christian citizenship. He now enlarges on that topic, and concentrates on the development of Christian unity and humility. In so doing, the apostle bares his own soul, revealing the passionate intensity of his concern for the Philippians, the height and depth of his understanding of Christ’s nature and sacrifice, the lofty standards he cherishes for his own spiritual children, his generous opinions of faithful fellow laborers, and his own complete submersion in the interests of the gospel. This chapter deserves careful study as a unit, with the above analysis as a guide.

 Although the Philippian church brought such joy to the apostle’s heart (see on ch. 1:3, 4), it seems that their unity was in danger, that dissension had crept into their ranks, and that Paul was enough concerned about their peril to spend a great part of his letter in exhorting them to strive for complete unity (cf. chs. 1:15-18, 27; 2:2-4, 14; 3:2; 4:2). The measure of their spiritual caliber may be gauged from the fact that he does not base his appeal on personal loyalty to himself as their spiritual father, but on their love for Christ as their Redeemer.

The fourfold use of the word “if” in this verse does not imply doubt as to the truth of Paul’s propositions. The Greek construction shows that he assumes his suppositions to be true.

 Gr. paraklēsis, “exhortation,” “encouragement,” “comfort” (see on Acts 9:31; Rom. 12:8; 15:4). The translation “encouragement” seems to suit the context best.

 The ground of the apostle’s appeal was the Philippians’ experience in Christ, the stimulus that comes from a study and emulation of His model life (cf. 1 Cor. 12:12, 27; Eph. 4:15, 16).

Gr. paramuthion, a synonym of paraklesis (see above under “consolation”).

Paul perhaps means, if your love for Christ possesses any encouraging power over your minds.

 Gr. koinōnia (see on ch. 1:5), here, “partnership.”

This phrase is parallel to “consolation in Christ,” and appeals to the Philippians’ customary submission to the Holy Spirit’s control.

 Gr. splagchna (see on ch. 1:8).

Gr. oiktirmoi, “compassions.” By using the plural Paul may be calling attention to the individual acts of compassion that prove the presence of genuine affection.