찰스 오만(Charles Oman)은 [암흑시대사」(The Dark Ages)에서 기술하기를 “북부 평원과 피체눔(Picenum)과 아이밀리아(Aemilia), 그리고 로마의 근교에서는 주민 전체가 사라지고 말았다”⁶⁴ 고 하였다. [단권 케임브리지 중세사」에서는 비록 생존자가 있었다 해도 그들을 위해 남아 있는 것은 죽음뿐이었다고 탄식조로 기술하였다.⁶⁵ (143.7)

 그리고, 이와같은 처참한 광경의 뒤에 있던 중대한 군사적 사건은 가톨릭 군인들이 “고트족 왕의 무덤을 파헤쳤던” 538년에 발생한 로마의 참혹한 패배였다고 토마스 학킨(Thomas Hodgkin)은 이탈리아와 그 침략자들(Italy and Her Invaders)에서 말하고 있다. (143.8)

 “먼저 있던 뿔 중에 셋이 뿌리까지 뽑히고”, 작은 뿔이 그 나머지들보다 더욱 강성해질 것이라는 다니엘 7장의 예언은 이렇게 성취되었다. (144.1)

 참고
 1. Joseph Ward Swain, The Ancient World, 2 vols.(New York: Harper & Row, 19 50), 2:40~42.
 2. James Dobson, What Wives Wish Their Husbands Knew About Women (Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House Publishers, 1975). See also, James Dobson, “What Wives Wish Their Husbands Knew About Women,” These Times, December 1978, pp. 11~15.
 3. Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, 8 vols., reprint of the 3d(1910) ed.(Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., n.d.) 4:290.
 4. LeRoy Edwin Froom, The Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers, 4 vols.(Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1950~1954), 1:800.
 5. Ibid., 2:49.
 6. Ibid., pp. 257, 258.
 7. The Passion of the Holy Martyrs Perpetua and Felicitas; ANF 3:699~706.
 8. Ambrose, Letter 25, in A. H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, 284~602, 2 vols.(Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964), 2:983.
 9. Pontius the Deacon, The Life and Passion of Cyprian, Bishop and Martyr, 18; ANF 5:274.
 10. Eusebius, Church History, 8.9; NPNF, 2d ser., 1:330.
 11. W.H.C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church:A Study of a Conflict from the Maccabees to Danatus (New York University Press, 1967), pp. 308– 394, Frend는 디오클레티아누스의 박해때 기껏해야 3,500명 정도, 데키우스의 박해 때는 “수백명” 정도가 순교당했다고 추산하고 있다. 우리가 고찰하고 있는 시기 동안에 행해 진 그 밖의 모든 다른 박해들은 국지적이었으며 지속적이지 못했다. 그러므로 그는 오순절 로부터 로마 치세 하의 박해 시대가 끝날때 까지의 기간 동안에 순교한 사람들은 모두 합쳐 5,000명을 넘지 않는다는 결론을 내렸다.
 12. Hippolytus, The Refutation of All Heresies, 9.10; ANF 5:132, 133.
 13. Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, in modern English. Translated by Frank Ernest Hill(London: Everymans, Green & Co., 1930).
 14. John L. McKenzie, S.J., The Roman Catholic Church, ed. E. O. James, History of Religion Series(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969).
 15. Ibid., p. xii.
 16. Ibid.
 17. Ammianus Marcellinus, History, trans. in James Westfall Thompson and Edgar Nathaniel Johnson, An Introduction to Medieval Europe, 300~1500 (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1937), p. 89.
 18. Compare the list in Thompson and Johnson, Medieval Europe, pp. 88, 89.
 19. The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis), trans, Louise Ropes Loomis, eds. James T. Shotwell et al., Records of Civilization, Sources, no. 3 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1916), pp. 131~138.
 20. See, e.g., McKenzie, Catholic Church, p. 14.
 21. Ibid., p. 204.
 22. J. D. Mansi, ed., Sacrorum Conciliorum∙∙∙ Collectio, 32:761.
 23. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (1957 ed.), art. “Julius II.”
 24. Roland H. Bainton, The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century (Boston: The Beacon Press, 1952), p. 18.
 25. Thompson and Johnson, Medieval Europe, p. 1015.
 26. New Catholic Encyclopedia, arts. “Inquisition,” “Auto-da-Fé,” and “St. Bartholomew's Day, Massacre of.”
 27. John Foxe, Book of Martyrs (New York:Charles K. Moore, 1847). 헨리 8세 치하에서의 스코틀랜드와 메리 여왕 치세 때의 영국에서의 박해에 관한 장들.
 28. See George E. McCracken and Allen Cabaniss, eds., Early Medieval Theology, eds. John Baillie, John T. McNeill, and Henry P. Van Dusen, The Library of Christian Classics (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1957), vol. 9, pp. 168, 169.
 29. New Catholic Encyclopedia. art. “Torture.”
 30. See Lucius Ferraris, Prompta Bibliotheca, 8 vols.(Venice: Caspa Storti, 1772), art. “Papa, II.”
 31. John Eck, Enchiridion of Commonplaces of John Eck Against Luther and Other Enemies of the Church, trans. F.L. Battles, 2d ed. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Calvin Theological Seminary, 1978), 8v, p. 13.
 32. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum, 33:529, 530.
 33. Peter Geiermann, The Convert's Catechism of Christian Doctrine (St. Louis, Mo.: B. Herder Book Co., 1930), p. 50.
 34. Catechism of the Council of Trent for Parish Priests (New York: Joseph W. Wagner, 1934), pp. 402, 403.
 35. The Christian Sabbath, 2d ed.(Baltimore: The Catholic Mirror(1893]), pp. 29-31.
 36. Constantine's first Sunday law can be read in many places. One place is Henry Bettenson, ed., Documents of the Christian Church, 2d ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1963). In classical times it appeared in the Corpus Juris Civilis, 2.127.
 37. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum, 9:19. Cited as the 29th canon and trans. in part in John Nevins Andrews, History of the Sabbath and First Day of the Week, 2d ed. (Battle Creek, Mich.: Steam Press of the Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1873), p. 372.
 38. See Robert Priebsch, Letter From Heaven on the Observance of the Lord's Day (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1936).
 39. John T. McNeill and Helena M. Gamer, Medieval Handbooks of Penance: A Translation of the Principal Libri Poenitentiales and Selections from Related Documents, eds. Austin P. Evans P. Evans et al., Records of Civilization, Sources and Studies, no. 29(New York: Columbia University Press, 1938), p. 272.
 40. Justin, First Apology, 67; ANF 1:186.
 41. Justin, Second Apology, 13; ANF 1:192, 193.
 42. Justin, First Apology, 67, and Dialogue with the Jew Trypho, 24; ANF 1:186, 206.
 43. Barnabas, Epistle, 15; Compare the trans. here with ANF 1:147.
 44. E.g., ibid.
 45. Matthew 28:1; Mark 16:2, 9; Luke 24:1; John 20:1, 19.
 46. See, e.g., for Ephesus and Rome, Justin, Dialogue, 47: ANF 1:218. For North Africa, Tertullian, On Prayer, 23; ANF 3:689. For Syria, Didascalia Apostolorum, trans. with intro. and notes R. Hugh Connolly (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929), pp. 236~244 For Pettau, in modern Yugoslavia, Victorinus, On the Creation of the World; ANF 7:341, 342.
 47. Socrates Scholasticus, Church History, 5.22; NPNF, 2d ser., 2:132.
 48. Peter Heylyn, History of the Sabbath (London, 1636), part 2, chap. 5, sec. 13.
 49. Roland H. Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (New York: AbingdonCokesbury Press, 1950), p. 316. For an old woodcut, see Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration (New York: Crown Publishers, 1972), p. 49.
 50. R. L. Odom, “The Sabbath in the Great Schism of A.D. 1054,” Andrews University Seminary Studies 1(1963): 74~80.
 51. In Albert Henry Newman, A Manual of Church History, rev. ed., 2 vols. (Philadelphia: The American Baptist Publication Society, 1933), 1:626.
 52. Kenneth A. Strand, ed., The Sabbath in Scripture and History (Washington, D. C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1981). See esp. chaps. by Werner Vyhmeister.
 53. See, e.g., William H. McNeill, The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), pp. 430, 508-512.
 54. See Gerhard Hasel, “Sabbatarian Anabaptists of the Sixteenth Century,” two parts, Andrews University Seminary Studies 5 (July 1967): 101-121, and 6(January 1968): 19-28.
 55. McKenzie, Catholic Church, p. 214.
 56. Martin Luther, Sämmtliche Schriften [Collected Works], ed. J. G. Walch, 23 vols, in 25 bks.(St. Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House, 1891–1910), vol. 20, cols. 146–148.
 57. Ibid., col. 1952.
 58. Ibid., cols. 1613, 1614.
 59. Comments on Genesis 2:3. Martin Luther, Luther's Works: American Edition, eds. Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehman, 55 vols.(St. Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House, 1955-), 1:79, 80.
 60. Procopius, History of the Wars, 3.10.19.
 61. C. W. Previté-Orton, Shorter Cambridge Medieval History, 2 vols.(Cambridge: University Press, 1953), 1:189.
 62. Procopius, History, 5.16.11.
 63. Ibid., 6.20.27.
 64. Charles Oman, The Dark Ages, 476–916, 4th ed.(London: Rivingtons, 1901), p. 106.
 65. Previté-Orton, Shorter Medieval History, p. 192.
 66. Thomas Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, 2d ed., 8 vols. in 9(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1885–1899), 4:250.