1. The meaning of the Sabbath in Hebrews 4 is examined at length in chapter V.
2. Gen. 1:4, 10, 12, 18, 21, 24, 31.
3. U. Cassuto,
A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, 1961, pp. 14-15. Cassuto provides an illuminating analysis of the use of the number seven in the creation story. See also his essay
“La creazione del mondo nella Genesis,” in
Annuario di Studi Ebraici 1 (1934): 47-49.
4. Nicola Negretti,
Il Settimo Giorno, Pontifical Biblical Institute Press, 1973, pp. 149-152.
5. Ibid., p. 152.
6. See above chapter 1, n. 36, 57.
7. See above p. 26.
8. Nicola Negretti (n. 4), pp. 31-62 offers a sampling of ancient Near Eastern texts where the septenary structure occurs in various literary forms.
9. James B. Pritchard, ed.
Ancient Near Eastern Texts, 1950, (UT krt A 206-211), p. 145. A similar example is found in the Gilgamesh Epic:
“One day, a second day, Mount Nisir held the ship fast, Allowing no motion. A third day, a fourth day, Mount Nisir held the ship fast, Allowing no motion. A fifth, a sixth (day), Mount Nisir held the ship fast, Allowing no motion. When the seventh day arrived, I sent forth and set free a dove.” (Pritchard [n. 9], tablet XI, p. 94).
10. For example, Gen. 4:15, 24; 29:18-20; 41 :2-54; Lev. 12:2; 13:5, 21, 26; 26:18-21; Ruth 4:15; 1 Sam. 2:5; 2 Kings 5:10; Prov. 24:16; Dan. 3:19; Ps. 12:6; Is. 30:26; Rev. 1:4; 5:1.
11. R. Pettazzoni,
“Myths of Beginning and Creation-Myths,” in
Essays on the History of Religion, trans. H. T. Rose, 1954, pp. 24-36. A brief but informative treatment is found in Niels-Erik A. Andreasen,
The Old Testament Sabbath, SBL Dissertation Series 7, 1972, pp. 174-182. For examples of texts, see Pritchard (n. 9), pp. 5, 61, 69, 140.
12. Pritchard (n. 9), p. 68.
13. Andreasen (n. 11), p. 196. Similarly, Gerhard von Rad explains,
“Rest∙∙∙ testifies negatively first of all, but that is important enough, that the world is no longer in process of being created. It was not and is not incomplete, but it has been ‘completed’ by God” (
Genesis: A Commentary, 1961 p. 60). Elsewhere von Rad says,
“the completion of God’s creation was the resting on the seventh day” (
Old Testament Theology, 1962, p. 147).
14. Karl Barth,
Church Dogmatics, ET 1956, III, part 2, p. 51.
15. Ibid., part 1, p. 213.
16. Dietrich Bonhoeffer,
Creation and Fall. A Theological Interpretation of Genesis 1-3, 1964, p. 40. Cf. Cassuto (n. 3), p. 62.
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